ExternalProtocol
Objects in space was made with the intention that it could be playable with just buttons.
You can also get almost all the information from the in-game UI sent back to your Arduino or other external microcontroller that can speak Serial.
There are 193 Commands Serial Commands, 164 Boolean Requests, and 24 Numeric Requests for a total of 381
Protocol Details
The protocol is outlined on the offical web site, however there are some minor inaccuracies whilst the game is in Beta.
To connect your controller to the game you need to send 451 with a newline at the end. The game will send back 452. (source Nocturnal)